acas_brain @ 2005-05-29T15: 15:00
http://www.univ.trieste.it/~brain/NeuroBiol/Neuroscienze%20per%20tutti/introb.html
Sunday, May 29, 2005
Worst Part Of Trenches
How many brains do you have - 1 or 2? Divisions Brain
(TheLeft Hemisphere) How many brains do you have - 1 or 2? Actually, this is quiteeasy to answer...you have only 1 brain. However, the cerebral hemispheresare divided right down themiddle into a right hemisphere and a left hemisphere. Each hemisphereappears to be specialized for some behaviors. The hemispheres communicatewith each other through a thick band of 200-250 million nerve fiberscalled the corpuscallosum. (A smaller band of nervefibers called the anterior commissure also connects parts of the cerebralhemispheres.)
(The RightHemisphere)
Are you right-handed orleft-handed? As youprobably know, most people (about 90% of the population) are right-handed- they prefer to use their right hand to write, eat and throw a ball. Another way to refer to people who use their right hand is to say thatthey are "right hand dominant". It follows thatmost of the other 10% of the population is left-handed or "left handdominant". There are few people who use each hand equally; they are"ambidextrous". (Most people also have a dominant eye and dominantear...testyour "sidedness" here.)
Exactly why people areright-handedor left-handed is somewhat of amystery. Dr. WilliamCalvin has developed a fascinating theory about the origin ofhandedness and has written an essay called The Throwing Madonna toexplain it.
Itis well-known thatthe right side of the brain controls muscles on the left side of the bodyand the left side of the brain controls muscles on the right side of thebody. Also, in general, sensory information from the left side of thebody crosses over to the right side of the brain and information from theright side of the body crosses over to the left side of the brain.Therefore, brain damage to one side of the brain will affect the oppositeside of the body.
In 95% of right-handers,the leftside of the brain is dominant forlanguage. Even in 60-70% of left-handers, the left side of brain is usedfor language. Back in the 1860's and 1870's, two neurologists (PaulBrocaand KarlWernicke) observed that when people had damage to a particulararea on the left side of the brain that they hadspeech and language problems. They noticed that people with damage tothese specific areas on the right side usually did not have any languageproblems. The two language areas of the brain that are important forlanguage now bear their names: Broca's area and Wernicke'sarea.
Left
Hemisphere
Language
Math
Logic
CerebralDominance
Eachhemisphere of the brain is dominant for other behaviors. Forexample, it appears that the right brain is dominant for spatialabilities, face recognition, visual imagery and music. The left brain maybe more dominant for calculations, math and logical abilities. Of course,these are generalizations and in normal people, the two hemispheres worktogether, are connected, and share information through the corpuscallosum. Much of what we know about the right and left hemispheres comesfrom studies in people who have had the corpus callosum split - thissurgical operation isolates most of the right hemisphere from the lefthemisphere. This type of surgery is performed in patients suffering fromepilepsy.Thecorpus callosum is cut to prevent the spread of the "epileptic seizure" from one hemisphere to the other. Right
Hemisphere
Spatial abilities
Face recognition
Visual imagery
Music
Split-Brain Experiments
Roger Sperry (who won the Nobel prize in 1981) and MichaelGazzaniga are two neuroscientists who studied patients who had surgeryto cut the corpus callosum. These studies are called "Split-Brain Experiments". After surgery, these peopleappeared quite "normal" - they could walk, read, talk, play sports and doall the everyday things they did before surgery. Only after carefulexperiments that isolated information from reaching one hemisphere, couldthe real effects of the surgery be determined.
Dr. Sperry used a tachistoscope to present visualinformation to one hemisphere or the other. The tachistoscope requires people to focus on a point in the center of their visualfield. Because each half of the visual field projects to theopposite site of the brain (crossing in the optic chiasm), it is possible to project a picture to either the right hemisphere OR the lefthemisphere.
So, say a "typical" (language in the LEFThemisphere) split-brain patientis sitting down, looking straight ahead and is focusing on a dot in themiddle of a screen. Then a picture of a spoon is flashed to the right ofthe dot. The visual information about the spoon crosses in the opticchiasm and ends up in the LEFT HEMISPHERE. When the person is asked whatthe picture was, the person has no problem identifying the spoon and says"Spoon". However, if the spoon had been flashed to the left of the dot(see the picture), then the visual information would havetraveled to the RIGHT HEMISPHERE. Now if the person is asked what thepicture was, the person will say that nothing was seen!! But, when thissame person is asked to pick out an object using only the LEFT hand, thisperson will correctly pick out the spoon. This is because touchinformation from the left hand crosses over to the right hemisphere - theside that "saw" the spoon. However, if the person is again asked what theobject is, even when it is there in the person's hand, the person will NOTbe able to say what it is because the right hemisphere cannot "talk". So,the right hemisphere is not stupid, it just has little ability forlanguage - it is "non-verbal".
Anothertype of experiment performed with split brain patients uses chimeric figures, like this one to the right. In this figure,the face on the left is a woman and the face on the right is a man.Therefore,if the patient focuses on the dot in the middle of the forehead, thevisual information about the woman's face will go to the right cerebralhemisphere and information about the man's face will go to the lefthemisphere. When a split brain patient is asked to point to a whole,normal picture of the face that was just seen, the patient will usuallypick out the woman's picture (remember, the information about the woman'sface went to the RIGHT cerebral hemisphere). However, if the patient isrequired to say whether the picture was a man or a woman, the patient willSAY that the picture was of a man. Therefore, depending on what thepatient is required to do, either the right or left hemisphere willdominate. In this case, when speech is not required, the righthemisphere will dominate for recognition of faces.
Before different types of brain surgery, it is importantto identify whichcerebral hemisphere is dominant for language so that the neurosurgeon canavoid damaging speech areas. One way to test whichhemisphere is dominant for language is with a procedure called the WadaTest.During this test, a fast actinganesthetic called sodium amytal (amobarbital) is injected into the rightor left carotid artery. The right artery supplies the right cerebralhemisphere and the left artery supplies the left cerebral hemisphere.Therefore, either the right or left hemisphere can be "put to sleep" temporarily. If the left hemisphere is put to sleep in people who havelanguage ability in the left hemisphere, then when asked to speak, theycannot. However, if the right hemisphere is put to sleep, then thesepeople will be able to speak and answer questions. (Remember too thatsince the right hemisphere controls muscles on the left side, people willnot be able to move the left side of theirbodies.)
Another way to test for languagerepresentation in the brain is to electrically stimulate the cerebralcortex. A neurosurgeon can place an electrode on various areas of theexposed brain of an awake patient during surgery. The patient can saywhat he or she feels and thinks. Placement of the electrode on the braindoes NOT hurt because the brain itself does not have any receptors forpain. In people who have left side dominance for language, electricalstimulation of various locations on the left cerebral cortex willinterfere with speech.
(TheLeft Hemisphere) How many brains do you have - 1 or 2? Actually, this is quiteeasy to answer...you have only 1 brain. However, the cerebral hemispheresare divided right down themiddle into a right hemisphere and a left hemisphere. Each hemisphereappears to be specialized for some behaviors. The hemispheres communicatewith each other through a thick band of 200-250 million nerve fiberscalled the corpuscallosum. (A smaller band of nervefibers called the anterior commissure also connects parts of the cerebralhemispheres.)
(The RightHemisphere)
Are you right-handed orleft-handed? As youprobably know, most people (about 90% of the population) are right-handed- they prefer to use their right hand to write, eat and throw a ball. Another way to refer to people who use their right hand is to say thatthey are "right hand dominant". It follows thatmost of the other 10% of the population is left-handed or "left handdominant". There are few people who use each hand equally; they are"ambidextrous". (Most people also have a dominant eye and dominantear...testyour "sidedness" here.)
Exactly why people areright-handedor left-handed is somewhat of amystery. Dr. WilliamCalvin has developed a fascinating theory about the origin ofhandedness and has written an essay called The Throwing Madonna toexplain it.
Itis well-known thatthe right side of the brain controls muscles on the left side of the bodyand the left side of the brain controls muscles on the right side of thebody. Also, in general, sensory information from the left side of thebody crosses over to the right side of the brain and information from theright side of the body crosses over to the left side of the brain.Therefore, brain damage to one side of the brain will affect the oppositeside of the body.
In 95% of right-handers,the leftside of the brain is dominant forlanguage. Even in 60-70% of left-handers, the left side of brain is usedfor language. Back in the 1860's and 1870's, two neurologists (PaulBrocaand KarlWernicke) observed that when people had damage to a particulararea on the left side of the brain that they hadspeech and language problems. They noticed that people with damage tothese specific areas on the right side usually did not have any languageproblems. The two language areas of the brain that are important forlanguage now bear their names: Broca's area and Wernicke'sarea.
Left
Hemisphere
Language
Math
Logic
CerebralDominance
Eachhemisphere of the brain is dominant for other behaviors. Forexample, it appears that the right brain is dominant for spatialabilities, face recognition, visual imagery and music. The left brain maybe more dominant for calculations, math and logical abilities. Of course,these are generalizations and in normal people, the two hemispheres worktogether, are connected, and share information through the corpuscallosum. Much of what we know about the right and left hemispheres comesfrom studies in people who have had the corpus callosum split - thissurgical operation isolates most of the right hemisphere from the lefthemisphere. This type of surgery is performed in patients suffering fromepilepsy.Thecorpus callosum is cut to prevent the spread of the "epileptic seizure" from one hemisphere to the other. Right
Hemisphere
Spatial abilities
Face recognition
Visual imagery
Music
Split-Brain Experiments
Roger Sperry (who won the Nobel prize in 1981) and MichaelGazzaniga are two neuroscientists who studied patients who had surgeryto cut the corpus callosum. These studies are called "Split-Brain Experiments". After surgery, these peopleappeared quite "normal" - they could walk, read, talk, play sports and doall the everyday things they did before surgery. Only after carefulexperiments that isolated information from reaching one hemisphere, couldthe real effects of the surgery be determined.
Dr. Sperry used a tachistoscope to present visualinformation to one hemisphere or the other. The tachistoscope requires people to focus on a point in the center of their visualfield. Because each half of the visual field projects to theopposite site of the brain (crossing in the optic chiasm), it is possible to project a picture to either the right hemisphere OR the lefthemisphere.
So, say a "typical" (language in the LEFThemisphere) split-brain patientis sitting down, looking straight ahead and is focusing on a dot in themiddle of a screen. Then a picture of a spoon is flashed to the right ofthe dot. The visual information about the spoon crosses in the opticchiasm and ends up in the LEFT HEMISPHERE. When the person is asked whatthe picture was, the person has no problem identifying the spoon and says"Spoon". However, if the spoon had been flashed to the left of the dot(see the picture), then the visual information would havetraveled to the RIGHT HEMISPHERE. Now if the person is asked what thepicture was, the person will say that nothing was seen!! But, when thissame person is asked to pick out an object using only the LEFT hand, thisperson will correctly pick out the spoon. This is because touchinformation from the left hand crosses over to the right hemisphere - theside that "saw" the spoon. However, if the person is again asked what theobject is, even when it is there in the person's hand, the person will NOTbe able to say what it is because the right hemisphere cannot "talk". So,the right hemisphere is not stupid, it just has little ability forlanguage - it is "non-verbal".
Anothertype of experiment performed with split brain patients uses chimeric figures, like this one to the right. In this figure,the face on the left is a woman and the face on the right is a man.Therefore,if the patient focuses on the dot in the middle of the forehead, thevisual information about the woman's face will go to the right cerebralhemisphere and information about the man's face will go to the lefthemisphere. When a split brain patient is asked to point to a whole,normal picture of the face that was just seen, the patient will usuallypick out the woman's picture (remember, the information about the woman'sface went to the RIGHT cerebral hemisphere). However, if the patient isrequired to say whether the picture was a man or a woman, the patient willSAY that the picture was of a man. Therefore, depending on what thepatient is required to do, either the right or left hemisphere willdominate. In this case, when speech is not required, the righthemisphere will dominate for recognition of faces.
Before different types of brain surgery, it is importantto identify whichcerebral hemisphere is dominant for language so that the neurosurgeon canavoid damaging speech areas. One way to test whichhemisphere is dominant for language is with a procedure called the WadaTest.During this test, a fast actinganesthetic called sodium amytal (amobarbital) is injected into the rightor left carotid artery. The right artery supplies the right cerebralhemisphere and the left artery supplies the left cerebral hemisphere.Therefore, either the right or left hemisphere can be "put to sleep" temporarily. If the left hemisphere is put to sleep in people who havelanguage ability in the left hemisphere, then when asked to speak, theycannot. However, if the right hemisphere is put to sleep, then thesepeople will be able to speak and answer questions. (Remember too thatsince the right hemisphere controls muscles on the left side, people willnot be able to move the left side of theirbodies.)
Another way to test for languagerepresentation in the brain is to electrically stimulate the cerebralcortex. A neurosurgeon can place an electrode on various areas of theexposed brain of an awake patient during surgery. The patient can saywhat he or she feels and thinks. Placement of the electrode on the braindoes NOT hurt because the brain itself does not have any receptors forpain. In people who have left side dominance for language, electricalstimulation of various locations on the left cerebral cortex willinterfere with speech.
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http://www.univ.trieste.it/~brain/NeuroBiol/Neuroscienze%20per%20tutti/lobe.gif
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#ee0000"> OCCIPITALLOBE
- </font>
- Located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe andtemporal lobe.
- Concerned with many aspects of vision.
<td bgcolor="#ffff33"> FRONTAL LOBE
- </font>
- Locatedin front of the central sulcus.
- Concerned with reasoning, planning,parts of speech and movement (motor
cortex), emotions, andproblem-solving.
lobe with the story of Phineas Gage - an
unlucky worker in 1848 who survived an iron rod that went through his head!!
Another account about Mr. Gage and the frontal lobe can be found in this story
called A ShortHistory
of the Lobotomy . </td>
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#0099ff"> TEMPORALLOBE
- </font>
- Located belowthe lateral fissure.
- Concerned with perception and recognitionof auditory stimuli (hearing) and
memory (hippocampus).
<td bgcolor="#669900"> PARIETALLOBE
- </font>
- Located behind the central sulcus.
- Concernedwith perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature
andpain.
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brain structures Structure 1
<tr><td align="middle" colspan="2">
cerebral cortex
The word " cortex "and 'was used to look like that of trees, since' is a layer of cells lining the outer surface of the brain . The thickness of the cerebral cortex varies from 2 to 6 mm. The right and left cerebral cortex are interconnected by a thick layer of nerve fibers, called "corpus callosum" . In higher mammals, like humans, the cerebral cortex has many protrusions and recesses. A projection of the cerebral cortex called around and called a recess groove . The lower mammals such as mice and rabbits, very few turns and ruts. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> Cerebellum 
The word "cerebellum" means "little brain . The cerebellum and 'located just above the brainstem. In a sense, a bit like 'the brain : e' and divided into hemispheres and 'played by the cortex (cerebellar). \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> of Trunk 'brain 
The term "brain stem "means that part of the brain which lies between the thalamus and spinal cord. Among the structures that are part of the brain stem are the bulb, the bridge, the midbrain, the roof and the reticular formation. Some of these regions are responsible for the most 'basic life functions such as breathing, maintaining the heart rate and blood pressure. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> 
'located at the base of the brain and is' composed of different regions. It has roughly the size of a pea (it weighs about 1 / 300 of the whole brain ), but it 's responsible for important aspects of behavior. An important function of the hypothalamus and 'to control its body temperature. The hypothalamus works like a "thermostat" by detecting changes in body temperature and producing signals for maintaining constant or change it. For example: if you're too hot, the hypothalamus detects and emits signals that can dilate blood vessels to the skin, making it 'more to cool the blood' in a hurry. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary gland. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> Talamo 
The thalamus receives sensory information and relays to the cortex brain. The cerebral cortex sends information to the thalamus, which in turn forward it to other areas of the brain : mostly the same cerebral cortex. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> limbic system 
The limbic system and 'a group of structures that includes the' amygdala, the hippocampus, the bodies mammillary and around the track (or tracks). These regions are important for the control of emotional responses to external situations. The hippocampus and 'important for memory. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> Hippocampus 
The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system important for memory and learning. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> ; \u0026lt;td> basal ganglia 
The basal ganglia are a group structures, including the globus pallidus, the caudate nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, the putamen and nigra are important for the coordination of movements. \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> midbrain 
The midbrain includes structures such as the superior and inferior colliculi and red nucleus. It represents an important intermediate step along some sensory and motor systems. \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr>
<tr><td align="middle" colspan="2">
Strutture encefaliche
</td></tr><tr><td>
cerebral cortex
Functions:
- Thought Movement volunteer
- Language Perception Reasoning
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%">
The word " cortex "and 'was used to look like that of trees, since' is a layer of cells lining the outer surface of the brain . The thickness of the cerebral cortex varies from 2 to 6 mm. The right and left cerebral cortex are interconnected by a thick layer of nerve fibers, called "corpus callosum" . In higher mammals, like humans, the cerebral cortex has many protrusions and recesses. A projection of the cerebral cortex called around and called a recess groove . The lower mammals such as mice and rabbits, very few turns and ruts. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> Cerebellum Functions:
- Movement Balance Posture
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%">
The word "cerebellum" means "little brain . The cerebellum and 'located just above the brainstem. In a sense, a bit like 'the brain : e' and divided into hemispheres and 'played by the cortex (cerebellar). \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> of Trunk 'brain Functions:
- Breath
- heartbeat
- Blood Pressure
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%">
The term "brain stem "means that part of the brain which lies between the thalamus and spinal cord. Among the structures that are part of the brain stem are the bulb, the bridge, the midbrain, the roof and the reticular formation. Some of these regions are responsible for the most 'basic life functions such as breathing, maintaining the heart rate and blood pressure. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> Hypothalamus Functions :
- Body temperature
- Emotions
- Fame
- Sete
- circadian rhythms
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%"> The hypothalamus and
'located at the base of the brain and is' composed of different regions. It has roughly the size of a pea (it weighs about 1 / 300 of the whole brain ), but it 's responsible for important aspects of behavior. An important function of the hypothalamus and 'to control its body temperature. The hypothalamus works like a "thermostat" by detecting changes in body temperature and producing signals for maintaining constant or change it. For example: if you're too hot, the hypothalamus detects and emits signals that can dilate blood vessels to the skin, making it 'more to cool the blood' in a hurry. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary gland. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> Talamo Functions:
- Integration
- sensory motor integration
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%">
The thalamus receives sensory information and relays to the cortex brain. The cerebral cortex sends information to the thalamus, which in turn forward it to other areas of the brain : mostly the same cerebral cortex. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> limbic system Functions:
- emotional behavior
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%">
The limbic system and 'a group of structures that includes the' amygdala, the hippocampus, the bodies mammillary and around the track (or tracks). These regions are important for the control of emotional responses to external situations. The hippocampus and 'important for memory. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> Hippocampus Functions:
- Learning Memory
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%">
The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system important for memory and learning. \u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> ; \u0026lt;td> basal ganglia Functions:
- Movement
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%">
The basal ganglia are a group structures, including the globus pallidus, the caudate nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, the putamen and nigra are important for the coordination of movements. \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;tr> midbrain Functions:
- Vision
- Hearing Eye movements of the body
- Movement
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="100%">
The midbrain includes structures such as the superior and inferior colliculi and red nucleus. It represents an important intermediate step along some sensory and motor systems. \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr>
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Some differences between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS):
- In the CNS, the groups of neurons called on nuclei.
In the PNS, groups of neurons called ganglia .- In the CNS, groups of axons are called traits.
In the PNS, groups of neurons are called nerves .
the peripheral nervous system, neurons can be functionally distinct in two ways:
1
sense organs TOWARDS the central nervous system.
OR
bring information outside of the central nervous system (for muscle control). 2
.
OR
.
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Subdivisions Nervous System
\u0026lt;tr> \u0026lt;td align="middle" colspan="2"> Peripheral Nervous System \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt; tr> \u0026lt;td> The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main parts: the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system, more 'a third part, called the enteric nervous system . \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="50%"> \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;td \u0026lt;tr> bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="2"> 
The s ystem enteric nervous and 'the third division of the autonomic nervous system.
| The nervous system can 'be divided into "systems" that are connected to each other and work together. Comic Con over the division ' simple The Nervous System and '
Now we consider separately the central nervous system and peripheral |
| Central Nervous System | ||
 | The central nervous system and 'divided into two main parts: the brain and spinal cord . Adult human, the brain weighs on average 1.3 to 1.4 Kg ceervello contains about 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) and trillions of "support cells, called glia . The spinal cord and 'long about 43 cm in adult women and adult human 45 cm and weighs about 35-40 g. The spine, the series of bones (back bone) that houses the spinal cord, and 'long about 70 cm, so' that the spinal cord and 'much more' short vertebral column. | |
\u0026lt;tr> \u0026lt;td align="middle" colspan="2"> Peripheral Nervous System \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt; tr> \u0026lt;td> The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main parts: the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system, more 'a third part, called the enteric nervous system . \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;td width="50%"> \u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;td \u0026lt;tr> bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="2">
1. The somatic nervous system
![[somatic
nervous system]](gif/somns.gif)
The somatic nervous system and 'consists of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system and motor nerve fibers that lead to the muscles skeletal.
The left figure shows the organization of the somatic motor system. The cell body is located in brain or spinal cord and projects directly to a skeletal muscle.
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;td colspan="2"> \u0026lt;tr>
The autonomic nervous system and 'divided into three parts: the sympathetic (or funny), the parasympathetic and enteritis. The autonomic nervous system controls the smooth muscle of the viscera (internal organs) and glands.
The figure shows the general arties of the autonomic nervous system. The preganglionic neuron can be 'found in both brain that in the spinal cord and projects to a neuron that is located outside the central nervous system, in a autonomic ganglia. The fiber of this postganglionic neuron then projects to the target organ.
Note that somatic nervous system has only one neuron in the central nervous system and the target organ, and the autonomic nervous system uses 2 neurons .
\u0026lt;/ td> \u0026lt;/ tr> \u0026lt;td colspan="2"> \u0026lt;tr>
The s ystem enteric nervous and 'the third division of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system is a maze of nerve fibers that innervate the viscera (gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, gallbladder).
\u0026lt;/ Td> \u0026lt;/ tr>Alpine Swr-1242d Wiring Diagram
levels
behavioral :
study of the neural basis of behavior. In other words, because people and animals
do what they do.
systemic level: study of the various parts of the system
nervso, such as the visual or auditory.
At this level you also study the connections between different parts of the brain .
level of local circuits :
study of the functions carried out by groups of neurons (nerve cells).
level neuronal : dell'atrtività
study of individual neurons in relation to some "event". At this level
also studied the content of individual neurons (the study of neurotransmitters
).
synaptic :
study of what happens in the synapse.
membrane level: a study of what happens
at the level of ion channels in the cell membrane of a neuron
.
genetic level: study of the genetic basis of neuronal function
.
study of the neural basis of behavior. In other words, because people and animals
do what they do.
nervso, such as the visual or auditory.
At this level you also study the connections between different parts of the brain .
study of the functions carried out by groups of neurons (nerve cells).
study of individual neurons in relation to some "event". At this level
also studied the content of individual neurons (the study of neurotransmitters
).
study of what happens in the synapse.
at the level of ion channels in the cell membrane of a neuron
.
.
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speed testing
how fast information travels in the nervous system
?
Information travels at different speeds in different neurons.
The transmission speed can range from 0.5 meters per second up to 120 m / s.
120 m / s 432 km mean time! Check if your accounts
give the same speed. more on the speed of information in the central nervous system
.
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nervous system many neurons (nerve cells) are there in brain? How big? How
many neurons (nerve cells) are in the brain ?
How big?
It is believed that there are
100 billion (100,000,000,000) neurons in
human brain.
How big is the brain behind the rest of the body?
If you think an average person weighs 70 kg 1400 g and his brain, the brain is about 2% of body weight.
How long is the spinal cord and how much it weighs?
average, the spinal cord is 45 cm long in men and 43 cm in women. It weighs about 35 g.
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and 'big brains? How much does it weigh?
adult brain weighs between 1300 and 1400 grams. That of a newborn weighs between 450 and 400.
Some comparison:
elephant brain = 6,000 gm
chimpanzee brain = 420 gm
brain of rhesus monkey
= 95 gm = 72 gm beagle dog brain
brain
cat = 30 gm
rat brain = 2 gm
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What 'the neuron
(Neuroscience for Kids is at http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/what.html )
(Neuroscience for Kids is at http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/what.html )
What is a neuron?
The neuron is a nerve cell. The
brain is made of about 100 billion neurons.
neurons are similar to other cells of the body as
:
- are surrounded by a membrane.
- They have a nucleus that contains genes.
- contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and other "organelles".
neurons, however, differ from other cells of the body, because
:
- have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons. Dendrites bring
informations to the cell body, whereas axons from the lead
cell body to other cells.
- Neurons communicate with each other through
electrochemical processes.
- neurons form specialized contacts called synapses molecules and produce special chemicals called neurotransmitters
that are released from the synapse.
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